Kajian Tasawuf dalam Perspektif Multidisipliner: Analisis Literatur terhadap Pendekatan Historis, Fenomenologis, Psikologis, dan Antropologis

Abstract

Sufism has been widely studied from historical, theological, phenomenological, psychological, and anthropological perspectives; however, these approaches are often discussed separately, resulting in limited conceptual integration for understanding Sufism as a multidimensional phenomenon. This study aims to examine Sufism through an integrated multidisciplinary perspective by connecting historical, phenomenological, psychological, and anthropological approaches. This research employed a qualitative library research design using content analysis of classical and contemporary literature on Sufism. The literature was selected based on its relevance to the historical development, spiritual experience, psychological dimensions, and socio-cultural functions of Sufism. The findings indicate that the four approaches reveal complementary dimensions of Sufism. Historically, Sufism developed from early ascetic practices into a systematic intellectual and spiritual tradition and subsequently into institutional forms such as Sufi orders. Phenomenologically, Sufism is understood through the subjective meaning of spiritual experiences, including mahabbah, fana, baqa, and ma‘rifah. Psychologically, Sufi practices such as dhikr, muhasabah, muraqabah, and spiritual discipline are related to self-regulation, emotional stability, and the cultivation of personality, although their psychological implications should be interpreted within their religious context. Anthropologically, Sufism functions not only as individual spirituality but also as a social and cultural institution that participates in the formation of collective identity, religious transmission, and local traditions. The novelty of this study lies in formulating an integrated analytical framework in which the four approaches are treated as complementary rather than isolated perspectives. Theoretically, this integration contributes to Islamic Studies by positioning Sufism simultaneously as a historical tradition, lived spiritual experience, psychological process, and socio-cultural phenomenon.